Study Guide for KIN 272
Blood and Blood Vessels
Study Guide:
1. Describe the 6 levels of structural organization.
a. Chemical – atoms combine to form molecules
b. Organelle – all cells of humans and other complex organisms contain structures c. Cells – the smallest units of all living things
d. Tissues – consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function e. Organ – a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body f. Organ System – a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose 2. True or false: arteries always contain oxygen-rich blood. g. true

3. Is blood a tissue?
h. Blood is considered a connective tissue because blood contains the same structures as those in other connective tissues 4. What are the components of whole blood—the three layers in a centrifuged sample of blood? i. Whole blood is 55% Plasma, 45% Erythrocytes, and < 1% leukocytes and platelets 5. Formed elements include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. 6. What does hematocrit mean and why do we measure it?

j. Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood. It is measured as a mean od diagnosing anemia, polycythemia and other conditions 7. Describe the physical characteristics of blood, including taste, texture, color, pH, temperature, and percentage of body weight. k. Sticky opaque fluid w/ metallic taste l. Scarlet = O2 rich dark red = O2 poor

m. pH ranges from 7.35-7.45
n. 38 degrees Celsius
o. 8% of body weight
8. How many liters of blood does the average male have? Average female? p. Average blood volume: Men - 5 ½ liters, Women - 5 liters 9. What are the functions of blood?
q. Distribution of:
i. oxygen and nutrients
ii. metabolic waste
iii. hormones
r. Regulation of:
iv. temperature
v. pH
vi. fluid volume
s. Protection from:
vii. Blood loss
viii. Circulation (homeostasis)
10. What kind of solutes can be found in blood plasma?
t. Proteins
ix. Albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others 1. osmotic pressure, transport proteins
u. Non-protein nitrogenous substances
x. Lactic acid, urea, creatine
v. Organic nutrients
xi. Carbohydrates, amino acids, fats
w. Electrolytes
xii. Na+, K+, Ca2+ Cl-, HCO3-
2. Osmotic pressure and pH
x. Respiratory gases
xiii. O2 and CO2
11. Which of the formed elements are complete cells?
y. leukocytes
12. What shape do erythrocytes form?
z. Biconcave discs
13. Describe three ways in which erythrocyte structure drives its function. {. Biconcave discs = more surface area to carry O2 and CO2 |. 97% hemoglobin
}. Lack mitochondria and use non0oxidative metabolism so they don’t consume any of the O2 they are carrying 14. What is hemoglobin? Describe its structure and function. ~. Hemoglobin = protein found in RBCs necessary for the transport of O2 from the lungs to the cells of the body xiv. Consists of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains each bound to a heme group. xv. Each heme group contains iron Fe2+ xvi. Each Hb (hemoglobin) can transport 4 O2 15. How many Hb molecules are there in a single RBC? How many oxygen molecules can a single RBC carry at once? . A single RBC contains about 250 million HB = about 1 billion O2 molecules 16. What is MCHC? What is the normal range of MCHC? What is this value used for? . MCHC is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration . 14-20 g HB/100 mm blood

. This value is used as a diagnostic tool
xvii. Inc Hb = polycythemia /congestive heart failure /COPD xviii. Dec Hb = anemia...

-1 -20 -4 -42 -45 -5 -7.45 -70 -8 /cirrhosis /congestive /copd /hyperthydroidism /renal 02 1 10 100 11 12 120 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 20 21 22 23 24 25 250 26 27 272 28 29 3 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4ºc 5 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 6 60 61 62 63 65 7 7.35 77 8 8.what 9 97 aa ab abnorm accomplish acid across act activ adequ adventia aged/damaged agranulocyt albumin allergi allow almost alpha also altitud alway amino amnt anatomi anemia anti anti-hemophil anti-prostaglandin antibodi antigen aorta aplast area aren arteri arteriol artifici aspirin asprin athlet atom atrium attack attract avail averag away b b12 back backflow bacteri bacteria balanc banana basophil bed beta bi bi-lob biconcav billion bleed block blood bloodstream bodi bone bound bp branch breath broken burst c ca2 call cancer capac capillari carbohydr carbon cardiac carri cases0 caus cava cell cells/day celsius centrifug cerebr chain chang chapter character characterist chemic chill chronic circuit circul circumst cl close clot co co2 coagul collagen coloni colony-stimul color combin common complet complex complianc compon compos compris concentr condit conduct connect consid consist constant constitut constrict consum contain content continu contract control cooper corpuscular creatin crisi csf cut cycl cytokin d daili damag danger dark day dbp dbp/3 dec decreas defens defensin defici degre deliv deliveri demand depend deplet deriv describ destruct determin develop diagnos diagnost diagram diamet diastol differ differenti differnc digest dilat dioxid dioxide-rich direct disc diseas disord distal distens distribut donor dope drive due e eat ebc eject elast electrolyt element elimin embol emboli embolus encount endotheli engulf enough enter entir enzym eosinophil equat erythrocyt erythropoiesi erythropoietin etc event exact excess exchang exert exist expand experi expos exposur express extern externa extrins f factor failur fals faster fat fatigu fe2 femal ferritin fiber fibroblast float flow fluctuat fluid follow forc form format found freeli fresh friction function fungi g gas gase genet give given globulin goe granul granulocyt group growth guid h happen hb hb/100 hco3 heart hematocrit hematopoiesi heme hemoglobin hemophil hemophilia hemosiderin hereditari hg high highest histamin homeostasi hormon hr human hypoxia i.e identifi ii iii immatur immun impact impair import inact inadequ inc includ increas indic individu induc infect inferior inflamm inflammatori influenc inhibit inject insuffici intak intake/absorption interleukin intern interna intima intrins invers iron iv ix j k kidney kin kind know known l label lack lactic lamina laminar larg larger largest layer lead least leav left length less lessen let leukemia leukocyt leukopoiesi level li life lii liii like line link liter littl liv live liver lix load lobe loss low low-resist lower lowest lung lv lvi lvii lviii lx lxi lxii lxiii lxiv lxv lxvi lxvii lxviii lymph lymphocyt lysosom m macropag macrophag made main major make male mani map marrow materi matur mchc mean measur mechan media men messeng metabol metal might million miss mitochondria mm molecul molecular monkey monocyt mount much multipli muscl muscular n na necessari need neither nervous neural neutrophil never new nitrogen non non-protein non0oxidative normal notic nucleus nutrient o o2 o2-carrying obes occlus occupi occur od olymp opaqu opposit optim organ organell osmot other output outsid oxygen oxygen-poor oxygen-rich oz/day p pain pale parasit pass patch pathway patient pdgf per percentag perform pericyt period peripher person ph phase physic physiolog pick plasma platelet plug polycythemia polypeptid poor pop possibl precapillari present pressur pressure/resistance prevent process produc product production/destruction promot propel proport prostaglandin protect protein prothrombin pulmonari puls pump purpos put q r rang rather raw rbc rbcs rebuild recipi recoil recommend red reflect regul reinforc relat relax releas relief remain repair requir resist respiratori respons rest restor result retract return rich right rise risk round ruptur sampl sbp scarlet secondari serv sever shape shelf short sickl sickle-shap side signs/symptoms similar singl site slower small smaller smallest smooth smooth/less solut somebodi span specif spincter spleen stabil steadi steepest stem stick sticki stimul store strain stroke structur studi subendotheli substanc substitut superior suppli surfac surround sv sympathet symptom synthesi system systemat systol tast temperatur temporari term textur thalassemia thick thick-wal thing think three thrombin thrombus time tissu togeth tool total toward transfus transport trauma treat treatment trigger true trunk tunic tunica two type typic u uniqu unit univers unlik unload urea use v valu valv vari vascular vaso vaso-occlus vasoconstrict vasoconstriction/vasodilation vasodil vegf vein vena venous ventricl ventricular venul vera vessel vi via vii viii virus virus/tumor viscos vitamin volum w wall wast way wbc wbcs weight white whole withstand women would x x-link xi xii xiii xiv xix xl xli xlii xliii xliv xlix xlv xlvi xlvii xlviii xv xvi xvii xviii xx xxi xxii xxiii xxiv xxix xxv xxvi xxvii xxviii xxx xxxi xxxii xxxiii xxxiv xxxix xxxv xxxvi xxxvii xxxviii y z