Coal
Advantages of using coal to produce electricity:
* Coal energy is an affordable energy source because of the coal’s stable price compared to other fuel sources * Coal is easy to burn
* Coal produces high energy upon combustion
* Coal energy is inexpensive
* Coal is abundant
* Coal energy is a reliable energy source
Disadvantages of using coal to produce electricity:
* Coal energy produces large amount of carbon dioxide which leads to global warming and climate change * The burning of coal is not environmental friendly because it produces harmful byproducts and gas emissions such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide that causes pollution to the environment including acid rain * Coal energy is nonrenewable energy source

* Coal is fast depleting because we consume too much of it * Coal mining ruins the environment and puts the lives of people specially the coal miners in danger Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground by shaft mining, or at ground level by open pit mining extraction. Since 1983 the world top coal producer is China,[5] in 2011 China produced 3,520 millions of tonnes of coal - 49.5% of 7,695 millions tonnes world coal production. In 2011 other large producers were United States (993 millions tonnes), India (589), European Union (576) and Australia (416).[5] In 2010 largest exporters were Australia with 328 million tonnes (27.1% of world coal export) and Indonesia with 316 millions tonnes (26.1%),[6] while largest importers were Japan with 207 million tonnes (17.5% of world coal import), China with 195 million tonnes (16.6%) and South Korea with 126 million tonnes (10.7%).[7] Major coal producers

See also: List of countries by coal production
The reserve life is an estimate based only on current production levels and proved reserves level for the countries shown, and makes no assumptions of future production or even current production trends. Countries with annual production higher than 100 million tonnes are shown. For comparison, data for the European Union is also shown. Shares are based on data expressed in tonnes oil equivalent. Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon" since the 13th century)[1] is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.[2] Production of Coal by Country and year (million tonnes) [5] | Country | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | Share | Reserve Life (years) |  China | 1834.9 | 2122.6 | 2349.5 | 2528.6 | 2691.6 | 2802.0 | 2973.0 | 3235.0 | 3520.0 | 49.5% | 35 |  United States | 972.3 | 1008.9 | 1026.5 | 1054.8 | 1040.2 | 1063.0 | 975.2 | 983.7 | 992.8 | 14.1% | 239 |  India | 375.4 | 407.7 | 428.4 | 449.2 | 478.4 | 515.9 | 556.0 | 573.8 | 588.5 | 5.6% | 103 |  European Union | 637.2 | 627.6 | 607.4 | 595.1 | 592.3 | 563.6 | 538.4 | 535.7 | 576.1 | 4.2% | 97 |  Australia | 350.4 | 364.3 | 375.4 | 382.2 | 392.7 | 399.2 | 413.2 | 424.0 | 415.5 | 5.8% | 184 |  Russia | 276.7 | 281.7 | 298.3 | 309.9 | 313.5 | 328.6 | 301.3 | 321.6 | 333.5 | 4.0% | 471 |  Indonesia | 114.3 | 132.4 | 152.7 | 193.8 | 216.9 | 240.2 | 256.2 | 275.2 | 324.9 | 5.1% | 17 |  South Africa | 237.9 | 243.4 | 244.4 | 244.8 | 247.7 | 252.6 | 250.6 | 254.3 | 255.1 | 3.6% | 118 |  Germany | 204.9 | 207.8 | 202.8 | 197.1 | 201.9 | 192.4 | 183.7 | 182.3 | 188.6 | 1.1% | 216 |  Poland | 163.8 | 162.4 | 159.5 | 156.1 | 145.9 | 144.0 | 135.2 | 133.2 | 139.2 | 1.4% | 41 |  Kazakhstan | 84.9 | 86.9 | 86.6 | 96.2 | 97.8 | 111.1 | 100.9 | 110.9 | 115.9 | 1.5% | 290 | World Total | 5,301.3 | 5,716.0 | 6,035.3 | 6,342.0 | 6,573.3 | 6,795.0 | 6,880.8 | 7,254.6 | 7,695.4 | 100% | 112 |

Oil
An oil is any neutral, nonpolar chemical substance, that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures, and is immiscible with water but soluble in alcohols or ethers. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and slippery. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile.[1 Etymology

First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French "oile", from Latin "oleum",[2] which in turn comes from the Greek "ἔλαιον" (elaion), "olive oil, oil"[3] and that from "ἐλαία" (elaia), "olive tree".[4] The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek e-ra-wo, written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] Types : Organic oils

Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes and alkaloids. Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.[6] Mineral oils

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil.[7] The name is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil - ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also...

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