Master of Public Administration (MPA) Thesis

Relationship of Presidential Leadership and Development in the Conflicted Areas of Mindanao: Lessons from the Benigno Aquino III Government

Park Chung Hee School of Policy and Saemaul of Yeungnam University Department of Saemaul and International Development
Major in Saemaul Undong and Community Development

Sarah Elaine C. Navarro

Advisor: Professor LEE Mi Sook

2015 March
Master of Public Administration (MPA) Thesis

Relationship of Presidential Leadership and Development in the Conflicted Areas of Mindanao: Lessons from the Benigno Aquino III Government

Advisor: Professor LEE Mi Sook

Presented as Master of Public Administration Thesis

2015 March

Park Chung Hee School of Policy and Saemaul of Yeungnam University Department of Saemaul and International Development, Saemaul Undong Theory and Community Development

Sarah Elaine Navarro’s Master of Public Administration Thesis is approved

Committee Member: _____________________
Committee Member: _____________________
Committee Member: _____________________

2015 March

Park Chung Hee School of Policy and Saemaul of Yeungnam University

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..1 1.1. Chapter Introduction…………………………………………...………..1 1.2. Background…………………………………………………...………... 1 1.3. Problem Statement……………………………………………...……… 3 1.4. Research Questions……………………………………………...……... 4 1.5. Research Objectives………………………………………………...….. 4 1.6. Research Significance…...………………………………………...…… 5 2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………… 6 2.1. Conflict and Poverty

2.1.1. Understanding Conflict
2.1.1.1. Defining Conflict
2.1.1.2. Types of Conflict
2.1.1.3. Causes of Conflict
2.1.1.4. Cost of Conflict
2.1.2. Poverty
2.1.2.1. Understanding Poverty
2.1.2.2. Degrees of Poverty
2.2. Leadership
2.2.1. Defining Leadership
2.2.2. Leadership Styles
2.2.3. Leadership Traits
2.2.4.
3. Presentation and Discussion
3.1. Benigno Aquino Leadership Style
3.2. Mindanao
3.2.1. History of Conflict and Poverty in Mindanao
3.2.2. Conflict as Root of Poverty and Underdevelopment
3.3. President Aquino’s Government and the Development of Conflicted Areas in Mindanao 3.3.1. Mindanao Rural Development Plan
3.3.2. Mindanao Strategic Development Framework
3.3.3. Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process 3.3.4. Comprehensive Peace Agreement (Comprehensive Bangsamoro Agreement) 3.3.5. Mindanao Peace and Development Plan
3.3.5.1. PAMANA (Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan)
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1. Chapter Introduction
4.2. Conclusion
4.3. Recommendation

I. Introduction
I.1 Chapter Introduction
II. This chapter will give a brief introduction of the current status of the Philippines and its struggle to attain development in the poorest region of Mindanao due to conflict. Such struggle brings about the research’s questions on how the current presidential leadership affects the development of the conflicted areas in Mindanao and what leadership style will work best to end the conflict and deliver Mindanao from being underdeveloped. It shall also briefly discuss the research’s objectives and its significance. II.1 Background

III. Composed of 7,107 islands, the Philippines is the 64th largest country with approximately 300, 000 square kilometers of land and is situated in South East Asia. Collectively, its islands are categorized in three major divisions; Luzon in the north, Visayas at the center and Mindanao in the south. Situated near the equator and surrounded by the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean, the Philippines is abundantly rich in natural resources and biodiversity. Mountainous islands are volcanic in origin and are covered by rainforests. Mineral deposits are also abundant because of the lands’ volcanic nature. Philippine waters is also home to 2,400 species of fish and also sustain cultivation of pearls, seaweeds and crabs. IV. Based on the national census conducted in 2010, the Philippines is densely populated with 92.34 million people (2010 Census of Population Report 2010). It is the 7th most populated country in all of Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. An estimated half of the entire population resides in Luzon. The people of the Philippines belong to multiple ethnicities. There are 28 different ethnicities and the main ethnicities include Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Tagalog, Bisaya and some distinct non-tribal groups like the Moro. V. The Philippines has a rich and diverse cultural and social background, having been colonized by 3 different countries; Spain (1521 – 1898), America (1898 – 1946) and Japan (1942 – 1945). These various colonizations have helped shape the Philippines’ religious, cultural, economic and political background. The wide spread of Christianity throughout the islands of Luzon and Visayas occurred during the Spanish era, this lasted for 333 years. The religious influence of Spain has borne 85.5% of the current Filipino population as practicing Christianity. However, the Spanish colonizers failed to spread Christianity in the southern island of Mindanao. Currently, 95% of Mindanao’s population, or 11% of the entire population, is predominantly Muslim. VI. Economically, the Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and middle power because of its large population size and economic potential. With an expansion of 6.90% in the last quarter of 2014, the GDP Annual Growth Rate has now averaged at 5.09% from 2001 – 2014. Service sector is the largest contributor to the national GDP followed by manufacturing, construction and agriculture. Primary exports of the country include electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper, coconut oil and fruits such as banana, mango and pineapple. In more recent years, the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one that is based on agriculture to one that is based on manufacturing and services; however, it is still primarily an agricultural country. VII. The agricultural sector, which is composed of farming, fisheries, livestock and forestry, collectively contribute to 20% of the country’s GDP, and Mindanao has steadily made substantial contribution within the agricultural sector. Naturally well endowed, Mindanao is considered the “bread basket” of the Philippines since it is a main producer of 8 out of 10 agriculturally exported commodities of the country. Mindanao is the second largest main island in the Philippines with over 95,000 square kilometers of land and is the biggest rubber producer of the country, attributed to its rich soil and good climate conditions. VIII. Although abundantly blessed with natural resources, Mindanao remains to be the most underdeveloped region in the Philippines, mostly due to the violent conflict between the Moro secessionist groups and the Government of the Philippines. The conflict has a long history, dating back to the Spanish colonial period. IX. During the height of the conflict in 1970 – 1976, an estimated more than 100,000 people have died because of the conflict, with an average of 18 people were killed every day (Concepcion, et al. 2003). Also at the height of the conflict, millions of people were left homeless, schools, roads and business establishments were heavily destroyed. Destruction establishments and death tolls have continued to rise even well into 2014. Death, displacement and loss of livelihood have led to the seemingly never ending underdevelopment and poverty in the conflict affected region. Despite efforts of the past 4 presidents of the country to resolve the conflict in Mindanao, it has still remained the most underdeveloped and poorest region in the country. With the election of the current president, Benigno Aquino III, renewed hope for peace, advancement and development has sprung in the hearts of the Filipino nation, most especially those inhabiting the conflicted areas of Mindanao. X. This research looks into the renewed hope brought about by the election of the Philippines’ current president. It aims to understand and uncover how President Aquino’s leadership is working towards achievement of peace and development in the conflicted areas. XI.

XI.1 Problem Statement
XII. Despite the growth in national GDP of the Philippines, the issue on the country’s widening poverty has remained unresolved and has grown higher as the population continues to grow throughout the past several administrations. The poor has been accounted for one-fourth of the total population as of 2009. In a list released by the National Statistical Coordination Board in 2012, Mindanao has 5 out of 10 of the poorest provinces in the country. The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is the poorest region with an estimated 47 out of 100 families categorized as poor this is according to the NSCB or 46.9% poverty incidence (Arguillas 2013). XIII. The unwavering and massive military operations between the Muslim secessionists such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Government of the Philippines, has hampered the tapping of Mindanao’s agricultural and natural resources. The ongoing conflict has contributed to the worsening underdevelopment, poverty, displacement of families, and loss in livelihood for those inhabiting the conflicted areas of Mindanao. XIV. The long withstanding conflict between the government of the Philippines and the largely growing number of secessionist groups has caused the island of Mindanao to be the only remaining main island in the Philippines lagging behind in terms of economic growth and overall development. The poor economic performance and low standards of living and the lack of opportunities for employment coupled with the ethnic differences, have caused more armed conflicts in the region. XV.

XV.1 Research Questions
XVI. For the past 5 decades and the past 5 Philippine presidents, the armed conflict in Mindanao has never been resolved; rather it has worsened and has kept Mindanao from reaching its full potential to develop. The longing for peace and development in the region has long been desired not only by the inhabitants of Mindanao, but of the rest of the Filipino people. With the election of President Benigno Aquino III, renewed hope in achieving peace and development as well as trust in its government has been rekindled in the Filipino people. XVII. With the above mentioned problem, this research aims to answer the following questions revolving the Aquino administration: 1. How does the current presidential leadership affect the development of the conflicted areas in Mindanao? 2. What leadership style will work best to end the conflict and deliver Mindanao from being underdeveloped? XVIII.

XIX.
XIX.1 Research Objectives
XX. The objective of this research is to examine the leadership style of President Benigno Aquino III. Specifically how his leadership affects the conflict in Mindanao and how it is being addressed for the duration of his term in office. The research also aims to identify the leadership style and qualities necessary to end conflict and poverty in Mindanao. It also aims to seek lessons on the current government’s approach to managing conflict and development in the region. XXI.

XXI.1 Research Significance
XXII. With the term in office of President Aquino coming to a close in 2016, the findings and lessons from this research aims to identify the necessary presidential leadership style which will help in attaining lasting peace in the conflicted areas of Mindanao. The lessons to be identified in this research, both positive and negative, may be used as a guiding tool by the succeeding administration in its goal to minimize poverty and achieve development, most especially in Mindanao. XXIII.

XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI. Literature Review
XXXVI.1 Conflict and Poverty
XXXVI.1.1 Understanding Conflict
XXXVII. Conflict has been a learning interest of humans throughout generations. Knowledge about conflict has been spread across humanity and is found where humans live, work, and play. It is the same knowledge seen and used in everyday living – family relationships, the government, businesses, sports or raising children or families. In this sense, conflict handling has becom...

0.90 000 032 1 1.1 1.2 1.25 1.28 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 10 10.13 100 107 11 11.2 11.89 12 12.2 125 12th 13 13.79 14 14.3 14.93 1521 15th 16.7 18 1898 19 19.20 19.8 1942 1945 1946 1948 1960s 1968 1970 1970s 1971 1972 1974 1976 1980 1981 1983 1986 1987 1989 1990 1993 1997 1998 1999 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.2 2.1.1.3 2.1.1.4 2.1.2 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 20 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2020 20th 22.3 22.6 24 24.7 26 27 28 28.4 28.6 28.8 28.86 2800 2nd 3 3.05 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.5.1 3.59 3.8 30 30.56 300 333 34.1 34.39 35.6 36.9 37 37.2 37.5 389 3954 4 4.1 4.18 4.2 4.3 400 430 46.9 47 5 5.09 5.21 56 58 59.22 6 6.03 6.27 6.90 60 64th 66 6734 69 6959 7 70 70s 71 7th 8 80 81 84 84.25 85.26 85.5 87.55 88 88.87 9 90 92 92.34 93 95 96 abandon abdo abduct abdul abil abl absolut abund academ acceler accident accomplish accord account achiev achua acknowledg acquir acronym across act action activ actor actual ad adapt add addendum address adiong administr adriano advanc advis advisor advocaci affair affect africa agenc agencies/organizations agenda agre agreement agri agri-fisheri agri-industri agricultur aim airport al alert almost alon also alter although altogeth ambit amend america amidon among amost amount analog analysi analyst ancestr and/or animos annex annual anoth ansaruddin answer anyon appar applic approach approv approxim april apt aquino arabia archipelago area arguilla aris arm armi armm arrang arriv articl ascens asia aspect aspir assassin assist associ assum assur atroc attack attain attempt attend attitud attribut atwood auditorium august author autonom autonomi autonomus avail averag away aziz b babatund back background bag banana bangsa bangsamoro bank bar barto base basic basket batanga becam becom beef began begin begun behavior behind belief believ belong belov benchmark benefit benigno best better biaf bias bibliographi bicol biggest bill billion biodivers bisaya blame bless blitz blitz-lik block board book born bound bread break brian brief briefli bring broke broker brought build built bureaucraci burgess busi buttress c cagayan calabarzon california call cambridg came campaign cancer candid cannot capac capit caraga care career carolyn carv categor categori caus cavit cc ccc ccci cccii ccciii ccciv cccix cccl cccli ccclii cccliii cccliv ccclix ccclv ccclvi ccclvii ccclviii ccclx ccclxi ccclxii ccclxiii ccclxiv ccclxix ccclxv ccclxvi ccclxvii ccclxviii ccclxx ccclxxi ccclxxii ccclxxiii ccclxxiv ccclxxix ccclxxv ccclxxvi ccclxxvii ccclxxviii ccclxxx ccclxxxi ccclxxxii ccclxxxiii ccclxxxiv ccclxxxix ccclxxxv ccclxxxvi ccclxxxvii ccclxxxviii cccv cccvi cccvii cccviii cccx cccxc cccxci cccxcii cccxciii cccxciv cccxcix cccxcv cccxcvi cccxcvii cccxcviii cccxi cccxii cccxiii cccxiv cccxix cccxl cccxli cccxlii cccxliii cccxliv cccxlix cccxlv cccxlvi cccxlvii cccxlviii cccxv cccxvi cccxvii cccxviii cccxx cccxxi cccxxii cccxxiii cccxxiv cccxxix cccxxv cccxxvi cccxxvii cccxxviii cccxxx cccxxxi cccxxxii cccxxxiii cccxxxiv cccxxxix cccxxxv cccxxxvi cccxxxvii cccxxxviii cci ccii cciii cciv ccix ccl ccli cclii ccliii ccliv cclix cclv cclvi cclvii cclviii cclx cclxi cclxii cclxiii cclxiv cclxix cclxv cclxvi cclxvii cclxviii cclxx cclxxi cclxxii cclxxiii cclxxiv cclxxix cclxxv cclxxvi cclxxvii cclxxviii cclxxx cclxxxi cclxxxii cclxxxiii cclxxxiv cclxxxix cclxxxv cclxxxvi cclxxxvii cclxxxviii ccv ccvi ccvii ccviii ccx ccxc ccxci ccxcii ccxciii ccxciv ccxcix ccxcv ccxcvi ccxcvii ccxcviii ccxi ccxii ccxiii ccxiv ccxix ccxl ccxli ccxlii ccxliii ccxliv ccxlix ccxlv ccxlvi ccxlvii ccxlviii ccxv ccxvi ccxvi.1 ccxvii ccxviii ccxviii.1.1 ccxx ccxx.1.1 ccxxi ccxxii ccxxiii ccxxiv ccxxix ccxxv ccxxvi ccxxvi.1.1 ccxxvii ccxxviii ccxxviii.1.1 ccxxx ccxxxi ccxxxii ccxxxiii ccxxxiii.1.1 ccxxxiii.1.1.1 ccxxxiv ccxxxix ccxxxv ccxxxvi ccxxxvii ccxxxviii cd cdi cdii cdiii cdiv cdix cdv cdvi cdvii cdviii cdx cdxi cdxii cdxiii cdxiv cdxix cdxv cdxvi cdxvii cdxviii cdxx cdxxi cdxxii cdxxiii cdxxiv cdxxix cdxxv cdxxvi cdxxvii cdxxviii cdxxx cdxxxi cdxxxii cdxxxiii cdxxxiv cdxxxix cdxxxv cdxxxvi cdxxxvii cdxxxviii cebuano cengag census center centr central centuri certain chair challeng chang chapter character characterist charger charisma charismat charter child children china choic chris christian christoph chung ci cii ciii cite citi civ civil civilian cix cl claim clamor clan clarifi clash class clean clear cli clii cliii climat cliv clix close closur cloth club clv clvi clvii clviii clx clxi clxii clxiii clxiv clxix clxv clxvi clxvii clxviii clxx clxxi clxxii clxxiii clxxiv clxxix clxxv clxxvi clxxvii clxxviii clxxx clxxxi clxxxii clxxxiii clxxxiv clxxxix clxxxv clxxxvi clxxxvii clxxxviii co co-work coastal coca coconut collabor collect collis colon coloni combat combin come comfort commission commit committe commod common communic communist communiti community-bas compact compani compassion compet competit complementari complet complex compon compos compound comprehens compris compromis concepcion concept conceptu concern concili conclus concurr condit conduc conduct confid confidence-build conflict conflict-affect confus congress consensus consensus-build conserv consid consist constitut construct consular consult contact contend content context continu contradict contribut contributor control converg cooper coordin cope copper corazon cordillera core cori corpor corrupt cost cotabato could countri coupl courag cours cover crab creat creation credenti crimin crisi crucial crude cultiv cultur curphi current customari cv cvi cvii cviii cx cx.1.1 cxc cxci cxcii cxciii cxciv cxcix cxcv cxcvi cxcvii cxcviii cxi cxii cxiii cxiv cxix cxl cxli cxlii cxliii cxliv cxlix cxlv cxlvi cxlvii cxlviii cxv cxv.1 cxv.1.1 cxvi cxvii cxviii cxx cxxi cxxii cxxiii cxxiii.1.1 cxxiv cxxix cxxv cxxvi cxxvii cxxviii cxxx cxxxi cxxxii cxxxiii cxxxiv cxxxix cxxxv cxxxvi cxxxvii cxxxviii cycl d danger darl data date davao day dc de deal death decad decentr decid decis declar declin decommiss dedic deeper defend defin definit defus degre del dele deliv deliver deliveri demand demmer demobil democraci democrat dens dental depart depend deploy deposit descend desir despit destroy destruct detach devast develop develov dialogu dictat dictatori dictionari die differ difficult digal digniti dimens diplomaci direct disagr discourag discrimin discuss displac dispossess distinct distribut district divers divis doctor document dollar domain done donnelley donor dpwh drug due durat durojay dynam e earli earn easili east eastern econom economi ecosystem edsa educ effect effici effort egidio either elabor elain elder elect elector electron element embodi emerg emot emphas employ empow empower emul enact encount encourag end endow engag england enhanc enigmat ensur entir entitl environment equat equip equit era especi essenc essenti establish estim et etc ethnic ethno ethno-linguist evalu even event everi everyday evid evolv examin exampl exclus execut exercis exil exist expans expect experi experienc explain export express extend extens extrem f face face-to-fac facilit faction factor fail fair fall famili familiar far farm fascin fashion fate father fear feed feel femal ferdinand fertil fight figurehead filipino final financi find firearm first fish fisheri five flamboy focus follow fomal food forc forcibl forestri forg form formal former forti forty-thre fought found foundat founder four fourteen fourth fourth-gener fouth fragil fragment framework free friday front fruit fuell fulfil full full-scal function fund fundament g gaddafi gain gap garment gave gdp general generat genuin ginnett give global globe goal gone good gordon govern governor grab graft grand great greater group grow grown growth guarante guiam guid guidelin hadji half hamper hand handbook handl happen har harm hashim head headach health heart heavili hee heed height held help henc heydarian high higher highest highlight highway hiligaynon hime histori hold home homeless hometown honest hope hostil hous housewif howev huffington hugh human humanitarian humbl hundr husband i.1 ibrahim iceberg icg identifi ideolog idp igr ii ii.1 iii ilaga illeg ilocano iloco ilonggo imbal immedi impact implement implicit import impos impress improv inadequ inc incid includ inclus incom incompat incorpor increas incur independ indic indigen indirect individu induc industri inevit inferior influenc inform infrastructur inhabit injuri insecur insert insid inspir instabl instal instead institut institution insuffici integr intens intensifi intent inter inter-ethn inter-group inter-parti inter-person inter-religi interact interest intermitt intern interrel interven intervent intra intra-group intra-person intract intrins introduc introduct invest involv islam islamist island issu itali iv ix j jabidah japan javad job joell joseph journal jr jstor judici june keen kept key kill kilomet kind king kingdom know knowledg known korean kudarat kung l la lack lag laguna lanao land land-grab landless landown larg large-scal larger largest larri last later latin launch law lay layer lead leader leadership learn led lee left left-w legal legisl legislatur length less lesser lesson level leving lgus li li.1.1.1 liber liberti libungan libyan lie life lift lii liii like liken limit line linguist link linkag list literatur littl liv liv.1.1.1 live livelihood livestock lix local logger long look loos loss lot lourd low low-incom lower loyalti lucman lumad lussier lust luzon lv lvi lvii lviii lx lxi lxii lxiii lxiv lxix lxix.1.1.1 lxv lxvi lxvii lxviii lxx lxxi lxxii lxxiii lxxiii.1.1 lxxiii.1.1.1 lxxiv lxxix lxxv lxxv.1.1.1 lxxvi lxxvii lxxvii.1 lxxvii.1.1 lxxviii lxxx lxxxi lxxxii lxxxiii lxxxiv lxxxix lxxxv lxxxvi lxxxvii lxxxviii machiavelli mack macmillan made maguindanao maguindanaon mahirap main mainstream mainten major make malacanang malasian malaysia mamasapano man manag mandat mango mani manila manipul manner manufactur mara march marcia marco marinduqu marker market martial masaganang mass massacr massiv master matric matter matthew may mean meant measur mechan mechanisms/systems media mediat medic meet member memorandum men mention merriam merriam-webst method mi middl migrant milf militari millennium million mimaropa mindanao mindanew mindoro miner minim minimum minist mission mitchel mnlf moa moa-ad mobil modal model money monitor mood moral moralist moreov moro mosqu most mother mountain mourn movement mpa mrdp muammar much muhammadiyah multipl municip murad muslim must mutual nab naguib najib name nation nationwid natur navarro ndf near necess necessari need negat neglect negoti neither never new nigeria ninoy non non-combat non-trib non-verb none normal north northern northous note novemb nowher noy noynoy npa nrm nscb number numer nurtur nye o object oblig occident occup occur occurr ocean offic offici often oil one one-and-a-half one-fourth ongo opapp open oper operation opium oppon opportun oppos opposit oppositionist opt order organ organiz orient origin other otomar outbreak outcom outing outsid outstand over-emphas overal overse ownership oyedolapo p p-noy p/mlgus pa pacif palac palawan palgrav pamana pamayanan paramilitari parent park part parti particip particular partner partnership pass passport past path pattern paul pave payapa payoff peac peak pearl pen peopl per perceiv percent percept perform perhap period person perspect peter phenomena phenomenon philippin phiolippin phone physic pictur pigcawayan pineappl pivot place plain plan plantat plato play plea plebiscit plight pluralist pnoy poblacion point polici polit politician poor poorer poorest popul popular pose posit possess post post-independ potenti poverti power practic predecessor predomin prefer prepar presenc present presid presidenti press pressur prey primari primarili principl prior prioriti privat privileg pro pro-poor problem process proclaim proclam produc product professor program programm progress project promis prompt promt properti proport prospect protect protest provid provinc provis psych psycholog public public-priv publish purpos pursu pursuit put qualiti quarter quest question quezon quiet quinto quintos-del r.r radic raider rainforest rais ralph ramo ran rank rapid rashid rate rather ratifi razak re re-elect re-establish reach reader reaffirm real realiz reason rebel rebellion recent recommend reconcili reconstruct recov recruit red redesign reduc reduct refer refin reflect reform refuge regard regardless regim region rehabilit rehabilitaion reintegr reiter rekindl relat relationship releas religi reluct remain remark remind renew repeat replac report repres republ requir research resent reserv resid resili resist resolut resolv resourc respect respond respons rest restor restrict result resum return revenu rever revers revert review revolut revolv rhetor rich richard rid right rise rizal road robert rogu role romblon romulo root rosa routledg rubber rufa rule run rural saemaul sage samat san sanction santo sarah sarangani satisfactori saturday saudi saw say scale scarc schedul scholar school scienc sea seal seawe secessionist second secretari sector secur seed seek seem seen select self self-actu self-proclaim self-rul semion senat senatori sens sentiment separatist septemb seri serv servic set settl settlement settler sever shadow shall shape share shelter shift shot show shun side sign signific similar simpli simultan sinarimbo sinc sincer singl situat six sixth size skill slate slaveri snyder soccsksargen social societ societi soil solar soliman solut son sook soon sought sourc south south-western southern sow space spain spanish spanish-control speak spearhead speci special specif speech spoke sport spot spread sprung squar stage stagnant stand standard stankovitch start state statement static statist status steadi steadili steep step still stogdil stood strateg strategi strength strengthen strict strong structur struggl studi style subordin substanti subsum succeed suffer suggest sultan sulu superior suppli support suppress sur surrend surround sustain sylvia symbol sympathi syndic system systemat tabl tackl tagalog take taken talayan talk tamper tap target tarlac tarmac task tawi tawi-tawi team teresita term terrestri territori theme theoret theori therefor therori thesi thing think third though thought thousand threat threaten three three-fouth throughout thus time tip tireless titl togeth toll took tool top topic torch torreta total toward town trace track tradit traffick tragedi train trait transact transcend transform transit translat transpar transpir transport trauma tri triangl tribal trigger tripoli troop trust trustworthi turkey turn two type unblemish uncov under underdevelop understand undong unemploy unhcr unit univers unlik unlock unpeac unresolv unrest unus unveil unwav upheav upon upris urg us use usual util v vagu valu variabl varieti various verbal versus vi vicious victim view vigilant vigor vii viii violenc violent virtual visaya visibl vision vital volcan vote wage wake walang want war waray warfar washington water waterlin way wealth wealthi weav weaver webster wehr weight welfar well well-educ western wherein whole wide widen widespread willing win wing within without withstand woe women won work worker world worldview worldwid worsen would wrong www.huffingtonpost.com www.noynoy-aquino.com x xc xci xcii xciii xciii.1.1 xciv xcix xcix.1 xcix.1.1 xcv xcvi xcvii xcviii xi xi.1 xii xiii xiv xix xix.1 xl xli xlii xliii xliv xlix xlv xlvi xlvii xlviii xv xv.1 xvi xvii xviii xx xxi xxi.1 xxii xxiii xxiv xxix xxv xxvi xxvii xxviii xxx xxxi xxxii xxxiii xxxiv xxxix xxxv xxxvi xxxvi.1 xxxvi.1.1 xxxvii xxxviii xxxviii.1.1.1 year yearc yearn yet yeungnam york young zamboanga 박정희새마을대학원 사라엘레인나바로 새마을국제개발학과 새마을지역개발전공 약 영남대학교 요 지도교수