Amity School of Communication
AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN
Effects and implications of coalition governments on the political scenario in India Abstract:
Parliamentary democracies ruled by multiparty cabinets make foreign policy decisions in a fairly unique institutional context, complicated by the politics of coalition government. Recent research suggests that this context is associated with foreign policy behaviors that are quite distinct in character from foreign policy made by single party cabinets. In particular, coalitions tend to engage in more extreme (both more peaceful and more aggressive) and more committed foreign policies. In this paper, we examine the reasons behind extreme foreign policy choices by coalition cabinets. We also investigate the proposition that some coalitions are more likely to engage in conflictual behavior, while others are more likely to be cooperative. In doing so, we unpack the category of coalitions and study the effects that certain cabinet characteristics have on foreign policy. In particular, we examine the effects of coalition strength, the number of parties in the coalition, and the ideological placement of coalition parties. These characteristics stem from different institutional and political situations that coalitions face, but are also connected to long-standing psychological explanations of group decision making. Our study is a quantitative analysis using published data on the characteristics of coalitions. Politics of India

The place in a framework of a federal parliamentary multi-party representative democratic republic modeled after the British Westminster System. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government, while the President of India is the formal head of state and holds substantial reserve powers, placing him or her in approximately the same position as the British monarch. Executive power is exercised by the government. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the Parliament of India. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. According to its constitution, India is a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic." India is the largest state by population with a democratically-elected government. Like the United States, India has a federal form of government, however, the central government in India has greater power in relation to its states, and its central government is patterned after the British parliamentary system. Regarding the former, "the Centre", the national government, can and has dismissed state governments if no majority party or coalition is able to form a government or under specific Constitutional clauses, and can impose direct federal rule known as President's rule. Locally, the Panchayati Raj system has several administrative functions. For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC), Politics in the states have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the corruption of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term. The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term. In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various parties. In the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections, it won again with a surprising majority, the INC itself winning more than 200 seats. At the federal level, India is the most populous democracy in the world while many neighboring countries witness frequent coups; Indian democracy has been suspended only once. Nevertheless, Indian politics is often described as chaotic. More than a fifth of parliament members face criminal charges and is not unheard of that most state assembly seats are held by convicted criminals. Corruption in India is common rather corruption and crime are the qualifications for being a politician in India. What is a collation Government?

A coalition government is one in which several political parties must cooperate in order to run a country or region. A coalition government is often times considered a very weak form of government because there is no majority party. In such cases, the only way policy gets approved is by making concessions, hence the forming of a coalition. A coalition government, also known as a coalition cabinet, can be one of the most entertaining, and volatile, forms of government. Often, it may be hard to know how an issue is going to turn out, unlike countries where there are only two major political parties. In these cases, it is rare that a majority party does not have its way. Well-known countries run by coalition governments include Germany, Italy, India, Ireland, and Israel, among others. Once a parliament is seated in these countries, the difficult work of bridging gaps begins. In some cases, these gaps are bridged easier than others, as multiple parties may be in agreement on some issues. In other cases, where there is little agreement, building such a coalition government takes time. Some feel that a coalition government is a very inefficient way to govern. Also, it may, in some cases, increase the risk of underhanded deals and increase corruption, as more politicians are willing to make deals in order to get things accomplished. A coalition government can also have members that are very argumentative, even more so than other forms of government, simply because so much is at stake. However, despite the concerns, some feel that a coalition government has the best opportunity to promote real issues and solve everyday problems. This is because the coalition government is seen by some as the most accurate representation of the people’s will. Also, proponents believe a coalition government can actually lead to greater unity because members of varying backgrounds and ideologies must come together and agree to create policy in the best interest of all. In addition to the regular, long-standing coalitions, a coalition government can also be created at times of national transition or crisis. In Iraq, for example, a coalition government was created in 2004 in an effort to bring the country together after the fall of Saddam Hussein’s government. In this example, various leaders from different religious sects and regions of the country were brought together in an attempt to form policy that would be regarded as a benefit to the Iraqi people as a whole, not just one particular group. Arguments for and against coalition government

Advocates of proportional representation suggest that a coalition government leads to more consensus-based politics, in that a government comprising differing parties (often based on different ideologies) would need to concur in regard to governmental policy. Another stated advantage is that a coalition government better reflects the popular opinion of the electorate within a country. Those who disapprove of coalition governments believe that such governments have a tendency to be fractious and prone to disharmony. This is because coalitions would necessarily include different parties with differing beliefs and who, therefore, may not always agree on the correct path for governmental policy. Sometimes the results of an election are such that the coalitions which are mathematically most probable are ideologically infeasible. A second difficulty might be the ability of minor parties to play "kingmaker" and, particularly in close elections, gain far more for their support than their vote would otherwise indicate. Coalition governments have also been criticized of sustaining a consensus on issues when disagreement and the consequent discussion would be more fruitful. To forge a consensus, the leaders of ruling coalition parties can agree to silence their disagreements on an issue to unify the coalition against the opposition. The coalition partners, if they control the parliamentary majority, can collude to make the parliamentary discussion on the issue irrelevant by consistently disregarding the arguments of the opposition and voting against the opposition's proposals — even if there is disagreement within the ruling parties about the issue. Powerful parties can also act in an oligocratic way to form an alliance to stifle the growth of emerging parties. Of course, such an event is rare in coalition governments when compared to two-party systems, which typically exists because of stifling the growth of emerging parties, often through discriminatory ballot access regulations and plurality voting systems, etc. A single, more powerful party can shape the policies of the coalition disproportionately. Smaller or less powerful parties can be intimidated to not openly disagree. In order to maintain the coalition, they will have to vote against the party's platform in the parliament. If they do not, the party has to leave the government and loses executive power. Coalition governments worldwide

Countries which often operate with coalition cabinets include: the Nordic countries, the Benelux countries, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Turkey, Israel, New Zealand, India and Pakistan. Switzerland has been ruled by a coalition of the four strongest parties in parliament from 1959 to 2008, called the "Magic Formula." Coalition Government in India

India has had coalition governments at the Centre as well as in individual states since the last two decades. Since India is a diverse country with different ethnic, linguistic and religious communities, it also has diverse ideologies. Due to this, the benefit that a coalition has is that it leads to more consensus based politics and reflects the popular opinion of the electorate. The UPA-Left arrangement had been formed after parliamentary elections in 2004. Though they have main adversaries in three states, this government was unstable as Left withdrew support on matter of nuclear deal. In order to have stable coalitions, it is necessary that political parties moderate their ideologies and programmes. They should be more open to take others’ point of view as well. They must accommodate each other’s interests and concerns. But this is not what is happening in India. In India, parties do not always agree on the correct path for governmental policy. Different parties have different interests and beliefs and it is difficult to sustain a consensus on issues when disagreements arise. They often fail to see eye to eye with the government on many public policies. However, this is not to say that we have never had successful coalitions. Governments in Kerela and West Bengal and NDA at the Centre have been successful coalitions. Other coalitions should learn from these because it is difficult to operate in an environment full of disagreements. The fact of the matter is that India has had coalition governments in the past and it will continue to have in the future as well. Therefore, it is in best interest for all that parties develop a sense of understanding and do not play games of power politics and bad politics. It is high time that the MPs realize how bad India fares on other economic variables in the world, and it is time they put their energy in improving those than just catering to their selfish interests. If political parties feel that coalitions are too much of a compromise and always lead to unstable governments, then India can think of alternative forms of government the; presidential system can be one but it has its own cons. It is very important for the political parties to moderate their ideas as there are no ready made formulas or easy solutions to make coalitions work in a smooth manner.

Political scenario in India
The way in which the political stalemate in Maharashtra has been resolved and the change of guard in the main opposition Bharatiya Janata Party have the potential for bringing about fundamental political changes in the country. With two Marathas occupying the top two political positions in Maharashtra, the stage is set for a struggle, which may be below the surface initially, for supremacy in the state. The Nationalist Congress Party has always considered itself a representative of the Maratha community and has drawn strength from its hold over the sugar and other agricultural cooperatives in the state. The Congress, on the other hand, has had a broader base, seeking to represent different communities and interest groups in the state. A symbol of this was outgoing Chief Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde, who represented the dalit (low caste) face of the party. The broader appeal of the Congress obviously did not give the party the desired results in the Assembly elections. The party, though contesting a larger number of seats than the NCP, was pushed to the second place. This factor appears to have played a major role in the sudden party decision to replace Shinde by Vilasrao Deshmukh, a former Chief Minister, who was not allowed to complete his full five-year term in the previous Assembly. The fact that the party had to fall back upon him shows that it does not want to be marginalized by the NCP. For retaining the Chief Minister ship despite having a lower number of MLAs, the Congress has had to pay a heavy price to the Nationalist Congress Party. The NCP will not only have 24 Ministers compared to 19 of the Congress, but also prime portfolios including Home Affairs. On major issues, the NCP Ministers will be in a position to vote down the Congress Ministers at cabinet meetings. Vilasrao Deshmukh will have a difficult task ahead, taking care of his party’s interests as well as keeping the coalition running. The Shiv Sena and the BJP would not be averse to fishing in troubled waters to destabilize the NCP-Congress government. This is clear from the Shiv Sena offer earlier to support the NCP to form a government if it was not able to reach an agreement with the Congress on the issue of Chief Minister Ship. The other major development of the week, the complete return of the BJP to its Hindutva (Hindu activism) agenda will have far reaching impact at the national level. New BJP president L.K. Advani has made it clear that the Ram Temple issue will be the most important issue to be pursued by the party come what may. The party is not bothered much about parting company with its partners in the National Democratic Alliance on the issue. Sooner than later, this may lead to a reorganization of political groupings in the country. The Bihar Assembly elections, to be held within in a few months, are expected to speed up the process. The Lok Jan Shakti party of Ram Bilas Paswan has already parted company with Lalu Prasad Yadav’s Rashtriya Janata Dal in the state and is searching for new allies to face the electorate in the coming Assembly elections. Though some haggling is going on between the Lok Jan Shakti Party and the Janata Dal United on the terms for facing the voters together in Bihar, there is a political compulsion for both to reach an agreement. The only thing which appears to be standing in the way at present is Janata Dal (U) president George Fernandes’ close ties with BJP leaders. But the two most important leaders of the JD (U) in Bihar - Nitish Kumar and Sharad Yadav, appear to be all set to dump the BJP and go in with the Lok Jan Shakti party to fight Lalu Prasad Yadav and his party. The Congress in the emerging scenario may try to play the role of a peace-maker between Lalu Prasad Yadav and Ram Bilas Paswan, but the chances of success appear to be bleak. Role of Political Parties

As like any other democracy, political parties represent different sections among the Indian society and regions, and their core values play a major role in the politics of India. Both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government are run by the representatives of the political parties who have been elected through the elections. Through the electoral process, the people of India choose which majority in the lower house; a government can be formed by that party or the coalition. India has a multi-party system, where there are a number of national as well as regional parties. A regional party may gain a majority and rule a particular state. If a party represents more than 4 states then such parties are considered as national parties. In the 61 years since India's independence, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress (INC) for 48 of those years. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the Janata Party coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the controversial state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The Janata Dal won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two years. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-wing nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) followed by a left-leaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-INC and coalition government to complete a full five-year term. The 2004 Indian elections saw the INC winning the largest number of seats to form a government leading the United Progressive Alliance, and supported by left-parties and those opposed to the BJP. On 22 May 2004, Manmohan Singh was appointed the Prime Minister of India following the victory of the INC & the left front in the 2004 Lok Sabha election. The UPA now rules India without the support of the left front. Previously, Atal Bihari Vajpayee had taken office in October 1999 after a general election in which a BJP-led coalition of 13 parties called the National Democratic Alliance emerged with a majority. Formation of coalition governments reflects the transition in Indian politics away from the national parties toward smaller, more narrowly-based regional parties. Some regional parties, especially in South India, are deeply aligned to the ideologies of the region unlike the national parties and thus the relationship between the central government and the state government in various states has not always been free of rancor. Disparity between the ideologies of the political parties ruling the ce...

-1.6 -1999 -2003 -29 /report.asp?newsid=1065735. 0.5 000 040 1 1.1 1.30 1.80 1.no 10 11 11.15 11.50 12 120 12th 13 13th 14 15 15th 16 161 162 16th 17 175 17th 18 182 187 1872 19 1900s 1950 1959 1962 1965 1966 1970s 1971 1975 1977 1980 1980s 1989 199.50 1990 1990s 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1999.that 2 2.5 2.7 2.no 20 200 2000 2000s 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 201 206 21 212 22 22nd 23 230 24 25 26 27 276 28th 29 29.10 3 3.close 30 302 30th 32 324 361 376 39 392 3am 4 4.close 40 403 41 415 44 47th 48 490 5 5.whenever 50 53 54 540 544 59 5th 6 6.no 61 63 651 69.13 7 70 715 74 8 80 85 9 90 a.k.a a.m a.p.j aashlok abandon abdul abil abl abort abscond abstract accept access accommod accompani accomplic accomplish accord account accret accru accur accus achuthan acquaint acquir acquisit acquit acquitt act action activ activist actual ad addit address adjudg administr admir admiss admit advanc advani advantag adversari advisor advoc affair affect aftermath agenda agent aggress agre agreement agricultur ahead ahm ahmad ahmadabad ahujha aid air air-to-air.surface aircraft airlin airport ajay ak alia align alleg alli allianc alloc allow almost alok alon along alreadi also alter altern although alva alwar alway amar amardeep amarjeet ambani america amid amit amiti ammunit among amrind analysi analyst analyt analyz anantnag and17 ane anger anil anim announc annual anoth ansal anti anti-christian anti-muslim anti-ship anti-terror anticipatori antoni anuj anyth apj apna apollo appar appeal appear applic appoint appreci approach approv approxim april apsrtc arch area argument aris arm armament armi army-coffin around arrang arrest arriv ashok ashwin ask aspect aspir assassin assembl asset assign associ assur atal atr attach attack attain attempt attend attent audiotap audit auditor august aunt author aveng avers avoid awar award away azaan b b.d babubhai babul back background bad bahadur bail balanc balasubramanyam ballot balwant band bangalor bangkok bank banker banner banqu bar baraat barak barmaid bartend basanti base basi battalion batter battl bean bear beaten becam began begin behalf behav behavior behest behind belief believ belong bench benefit benelux bengal besid best better beyond bhaagya bharat bharati bharatiya bharti bhasin bhatnagar bhavesh bhavna bhawna bhojwani biblographi bid bidhoria big bigger bihar bihari biju bila billion bina birthday bit bitumen bjp bjp-led bjp.surprisingly black blame blank bleak block blockbust board bodi bofor bol bombay book border bore bosco boss bother bottl bottom bought box boy branch breach bribe briberi bridg brief briefli brij bring british broadcast broader broke broken brother brought buck build builder built bulandsh bullet bundl bureau bureaucrat buri burn burnt bus bush busi buy c cabinet cadr calcutta call came camera campaign canada canadian cancel candid candl candle-light cannot capit car card care career carri cartridg case cash cash-for-vot cast caste-rel categori cater caught caus cbi ceil celebr cell cent center centr central ceo ceremoni certain cfo chairman chairperson challeng chamber chanc chand chandigarh chang channel chaotic char charact characterist charg charter chat chaterje chatterje check chemic chief children chimpu china choic choos chopra chose chosen chowdhari christian chugh churhat cid circul circumst circumstanti cisf citi civil claim class classmat claus clear clearanc clinch close cloth clout cm cnn cnn-ibn cnx coalit coca coca-cola code coerc coffin cola collaps collat colleagu collector collud collus coloni colonnad color combin come comfort commiss commit committe common communic communist communiti compani compar complain complaint complet complexion complianc complic compliment compris compromis compuls comput con concept concern concess conclav concur condit conduct conferenc confess confession confid conflictu congress conjectur connect consensus consensus-bas consequ consid consider consist conspir conspiraci constabl constitut constraint construct contact contain contemporan content contest context continu contract contrari control controversi conveni convers convict convinc cook cooper core corn corpor correct corridor corrupt cost could council counsel counter countri coup coupl coupon courag cours court cousin cover coverag covet cpi cr cramp creat credenti credibl credit cri crime crimin criminal-politician crisi critic crore cross cross-examin crowd crown culprit currenc currency-not current custodi custom d d.p dabra daili dal dal-l dalit damag danc danger data datta daughter day dayal de dead deal dealer death debtor decad decemb decid decis declar dedic deem deepak deepli defend defens defin defunct delay delhi deliber deliveri demand democraci democrat democratically-elect demonstr deni depart deport depos deposit deputi desam describ descript deshmukh design desir despit destabil destini destroy destruct detail detain detect deve develop devendra devi dhanraj dharam didn die diesel differ difficult difficulti dig digest dignifi dinesh dinner diplomat direct director disagr disagre disappear disappoint disapprov disciplinari disclosur discont discov discreet discriminatori discuss disharmoni dismiss disown dispar disproportion disregard dissolv distinct distribut ditch divakar divers divis diwan dmk dna document documentari dollar domest domin done door doubt dozen dp dr drama dravid dravida draw drawn drdo dress drink drive driven drop drove due dump e e-mail earli earlier easi easier eat eaten econom ed effect effort eight elect elector electr elimin els elsewher elud email eman embarrass embezzl emerg employ employe enabl enamor encount encourag end energi enforc engag engin english enjoy enquiri enrag enron ensu ensur enter entertain environ environment episod equiti erad erstwhil escap escort especi establish estim etc ethnic evalu evas even event eventu everi everyday everyth everywher evid ex ex-nav ex-treasur exact examin exampl except excerpt exchang excis exclud execut exercis exist expect expens experi expert expir explain explan exploit expos extend extens extern extort extortionist extrem eye eyewit face facil fact factor fail failur faint fair faislaa faith fake fall fallen fals falsifi famili familiar famous far fare farmhous fashion fast fatal fate father faulti favor favourit fear februari february-march feder feel feet fell felt fernand feroz fictiti fifth fight fighter figur file fill film final financi find fine finger fir fire firm first fish five five-year fix flag flaw flew flight flux focus fodder follow food fool foot forc foreign forens forest forg forgeri form formal format former formula fort forthcom forward fought found founder four four-year fourth fractious framework fraud free frequent fresh friend friendship front fruit fruitless fudg full function fund fundament furthermor futur g g.c gain game gandhi gangawar gap garibi gate gather gaur gave geetha general gentlemen georg germani get ghaziabad gift gill give given glad glitterati global go goe golden gone good goon got govern government governor gowda grant great greater greenbelt grew group grow growth guard guest guilti guis gujarat gujral gun gupta gypsi haggl half halla halt hammer hand happen happi hapur harbour hard harshad harvind haryana hasti hatao hatch hauz have hawala hdw head headlin headquart hear heart heavi heed held help henc heritag hid hide high higher highest highlight highway hindi hindu hindustan hindutva hint histor hit hitchhik hold home hometown homi homogen hope hospit host hostel hostil hour hous howev hue huge human humili hundr husband husbandri hussein hyderabad i.e i.k ia iaea iai ibn icai idea identifi ideolog ignor ill illeg imag immedi immens immigr immun impact imphal implement impli implic import impos impress imprison improv inaccur inc incid includ incom incorrect increas independ inderjeet index india indian indic indira indirect individu indo indo-us induct indulg industri inebri ineffici inept infeas inflam inflat influenc influenti inform infrastructur initi injur injuri innoc inquiri inr inspector instead instig institut instruct intact intellig intens intent interest interfer interim intern interrog interrupt interven intervent interview intimid intrigu invest investig investigationg invit involv ip ipc iraq iraqi ireland irrelev israel issu itali j jail jain jaitley jalandhar jan janata januari japan jaya jd jessica jet jhalod jharkhand jhingan jmm job johari johri join joint journalist judg judgement judgment judici judiciari juli june justic k k.r kaa kalam kalani kapurthala karan karnal karnik katara kaur kausarbi kauserbi kavi kazhagam keep kept kerala kerela ketan key khanna khas khimabhai khurja khusrokhan kickback kidnap kill killer kilometr kingmak kiran kitara kitt km kneed kneel knew know knowledg known kolkata krishan krishna kumar kunj kurta l l.k lab lack lakh lal lall laloo lalu land lane languag larg larger largest lashkar lashkar-e-toiba last late later launch lavalin law lawmak lawyer lax lead leader leak lean learn leav led left left-lean left-parti left-w legal legisl legislatur lend less let letter level liabil licens lie life lift light light-color like line linguist link liquid liquor list listen littl live ll local lodg lok london long long-stand longer look loophol loot lose lost lotteri loudspeak love lover low lower lowest ls lynch m maanila made madhya magazin magic magistr mahal maharashtra mail mailhot main mainstream maintain major majority-hold make maker malafid malik malini man manag mani manifesto manipul manipur manmohan manner manoj manu mar maratha marathi marbl march march-april margaret margin mark market marri marriag marshal maruti marxist masjid match materi matern mathemat mathur matter mattoo may mayawati mayb mayta mcoca mean meanwhil measur media meet mehrauli mehta mele member menon merchant mere meritocrat merril mess messag met metropolitan middl middle-class middleman midnight mig mig-fight might mighti million minar mind minim minist ministri minor minut miscarriag mishra missil mix mizoram mlas mnc mob mockeri model moder modi mohan mohind moment monarch money month moral moreov morn mos mother mount move mp mps mr mrs ms much muder muhammad mukesh mukherje mukta mulayam multi multi-million multi-parti multiparti multipl mumbai munnetra munshi murder murder/death murthi muslim must mynampati mysor mysteri n nagar nagarwala name nanda narasimha narayanan narendra narrat narrow narrowli narrowly-bas naseem nasscom nation national nationalist natur natwar naval navi naxal ncp ncp-congress nda ndtv near nearbi necessari necessarili need neelam neighbor neither never nevertheless new newli news newsmagazin newspap next nexus nice nifti night nine nitish noida nomin non non-bail non-congress non-exist non-inc none nonetheless nordic notabl note notes-for-vot noteworthi noth notic notifi novemb nowaday nuclear number nurs object observ obtain obvious occas occupi occur occurr oct octob odd offenc offend offer offic offici often oil oil-for-food old older oligocrat om one onto [email protected] open oper ophthalmologist opinion oppon opportun oppos opposit opt option oral order organ organis origin orissa ostens other otherwis outburst outcom outgo outrag outsid overal overlook overst overthrow owe oxford p p.c p.m p.v pac pachhmarhi page paid pakistan panchayati pandey pandian pandit pandiyan pandora panel paper pappu paramet paramjeet paramjit parekh parent pari parikshit parishad parliament parliamentari parliamentary-parti part part-report partho parti partial particip particular partner passerbi passport past paswan patel patent path pattern pawan pay peac peace-mak peacock peak peer peeya pehalwan pehelwan pehlwan penal pend peopl per percentag perform perhap period perjuri permit persist person personnel petit petition phone photograph physician pick pie pile pistol place placement plan platform play plea pleas plum plural plus pm pocket point poison polic policeman policewoman polici polit politician poll poor popul popular populist portfolio pose posit possibl post pota potenti pour poverti power pradesh prajapati prakash prasad prashant pratap pray prayer pre pre-crisi prem prepar presenc present presid presidenti press pressur presum prevent previous price pricewaterhousecoop prime princip principl prithvi privat privileg priyadarshini pro pro-hindu pro-marathi probabl probe problem procedur proceed process proclaim procur produc profess profil profit programm progress project promin promis promot prone propon proport propos proposit pros prosecut prosecutor protect protest protract prove provid psos psycholog pti public publish pull punjab purchas purpos pursu push put pwc qc qualif quantit quarter question quiet quit quot qutb qutub r r.k rabri race racket rafael raghuraj rahul rai raigar railway rais raj raja rajasthan rajasthan-bas rajend rajesh rajkumar rajput raju rajya ram ramalinga ramani ramp rancor rang ransom rao rape rapid rapproch rare rashtriya rate rather ravind re re-investig re-trial reach react read readi real realiz reason recal receiv recent recogn recommend reconcil reconsid record recov recruit red reduc refer refin reflect refurbish refus refut regard region regist regul regular reinstat reject relat relationship releas relev relianc reliev religi religion reluct remain remand remark remedi rememb remov render renown reorgan repeat replac repli report repres represent republ repudi reput request requir requisit research resembl reserv resid resign resist resolv resound resourc respect respond respons restat restaur restrain result retain retir retract retrial return reveal revel revenu revok revolv rich richer richest ride right right-w riot rise risk rival rjd road rohit role romant roop rope rough round rs rs.15 rubabuddin rug rule run rupe rush s.m sabha sabotag saddam safari safeguard saffron sagar said said.on salient samajwadi samanya samata sambhal sanction sand sang sangaw sanjeev santosh santoshi sareen satisfi satyam save saw say sc scale scam scandal scatter scenario scene school scientif scooter scope scrutin scrutini sea sea-skim search season seat sebi second secret secretari sect section secular secur see seek seem seen seiz self self-proclaim selfish sena send senior sens sensat sent sentenc separ septemb september-octob sequenc serial serious serv server servic session set setback seven seven-memb seventh sever shah shahabuddin shahana shakarpur shakeel shakti shall shankar shankersinh shape sharad sharadaben share sharehold sharma shastri shawl shayan sheet sheikh shelter shibu shift shind ship shirt shiv shivani shivda shock shoot shop short short-liv shot shoulder show show-caus shown shri shyam shyan siddharth sidelin sierra sign signific silenc similar simpli sinc singh singl sip sister sister-in-law sit site situat siwan six six-memb size skew skim skip slaughter slip slogan slow small smaller smooth sms sms-ed smuggl snc social socialist socialit societi sodhi soharabuddin sohrabuddin soil soldier solut solv someon somersault someth sometim somewhat somewher somnath son sonia soon sooner soren sort sought sourc south sovereign soviet sp spare speak speaker special specialist specif specul speed spell spend spent spill splash spoken spokesperson spot sriniva st stab stabl staff stage stake stalem stand star start startl state statement station stay stem step stifl still sting stock stomach stop stori strateg strength strengthen stringent strip strong strongest struck struggl student studi submarin submit subsequ subsidi substanti success succumb sudan sudden suffer suffici sugar suggest suiss suit sukh sukhdev summer sunder supari superintend suppli supplier support suppos suprem supremaci surend suresh surfac surnam surpris surrend surviv sushil suspect suspend suspicion sustain suv sway sweeti switch switzerland symbol system t-shirt tada taj take taken takeov talk talli tamarind tamil tamper tank tansi tape tape-record taqdeer tardi tarun tashkent task tata tax taxi team tech technic technolog tehelka tehelka.com telecast telecom telgi tell telugu templ temporari tend tendenc tens tenur term termin terribl terror terrorist test testifi testimoni text textil thaa then-board then-cfo theori thereaft therebi therefor thing think think-tank third thirti thirty-nin though thought thousand threat threaten three threw thursday thus ticket tie tiger tight tihar till time titu tmc to-surfac togeth toiba told toll toni took top toronto tortur total tourist toward town trace track trade traffick tragedi train trajectori transfer transit translat transport travel treasur treat tri trial trinamool trio trishul troubl trust truth tulsi tune turkey turmoil turn tv twenti twice two two-day-long two-gun two-parti two-wheel typic u u.p udf uk ulhasnagar unaccept uncl unconsci undercov underground underhand underst understand unedit unemploy unequivoc unhappi unheard unifi union uniqu unit uniti univers unknown unless unlik unmanag unnam unpack unreli unstabl upa upa-left upcom upgrad uphaar upon upris uproar urea urg us usa usd use uttar vacat vadlamani vaghela vajpaye valu vanzara vari variabl various vasant vashisht ve ved veer vehicl venu verbal verdict version vertic vest via victim victori video video-tap videotap view vigil vika vilasrao villag vinod violenc virtual visa vishal vishwa visit voic volatil vomit vote vote-buy voter wait walk want war warn warrant washington watch water waterhous wave way weak weaken wealth wealthi weapon wear websit wed week weigh welfar well well-known went west westminst wet wheel wheeler whereabout wherein whether whilst white whole whose wide widespread wife will win wing winner wish wit withdraw withdrawn withdrew within without woman won word work world worldwid worri worthi would wouldn wrist wristwatch write writer wrong wrote www.dnaindia.com www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1065735. www.economictimes.com www.theviewspaper.net www.wikepedia.org www.wisegeek.com yadav year year-old yehi yet yograj york young younger yunus yusuf zealand