Project on Representative Form of Government

Submitted By: Submitted To: Shubham Verma Mr.B.K.Mahakul Roll No. 146 Hidayatullah National Law University B.A. LL.B (Hons) Raipur Section – A 06-03-2013 Semester - II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I) Declaration……………………………………………...….3

II) Acknowledgement…………………………………………4

III) Introduction………………………………………………..5

IV) Overview, Objective and Research Methodology ………7

V) Early Life…………………………………………………...8

VI) Major works……………………………………………….10

Civil Rights Movement…………………………………………10 Struggle for Indian Independence……………………………...11 Role in World War I…………………………………………….12 Champaran and Kheda………………………………………….12 Khilafat Movement…………………………………………...…13 Non-Cooperation Movement……………………………………13 Salt March……………………………………………………….15 World War II and Quit India……………………………………16 Partition and Independence……………………………………..18 Assassination…………………………………………………….19

VII) Criticism……………………………………………………20

VIII) Bibliography……………………………………………….21 DECLARATION

I, Shubham Verma, hereby declare that, the project work entitled, ‘LIFE AND WORK OF GANDHI’ submitted to H.N.L.U., Raipur is record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Prof.B.K.Mahakul, Faculty Member, H.N.L.U., Raipur.

Shubham Verma
Batch XII
Roll No. 146
20/02/2013

Acknowledgement

I feel myself highly elated, as it gives me tremendous pleasure to come out with this dynamic and highly popular work on the topic, LIFE AND WORK OF GANDHI.

Words fail to express the deep sense of glee to, Prof.B.K.Mahakul (Faculty for Political science). The dialectics and dynamics of this topic provoked me to come out with this project.

I am glad to be a student of Prof.B.K.Mahakul, the person with dynamic personality, who has always given me the courage and wisdom to move in the right path. I would like to thank him for guiding me; giving me suggestions and having discussions regarding the project topic by devoting his precious time. I thank all those who have helped me in the completion of this project from the bottom of my heart. I would also like to extend my heartfelt thanks to the library staff that have been relentless in their help and support in providing any material whenever required.

INTRODUCTION

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world. The son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa, using new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning to India in 1915, he set about organizing peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached out widely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from British domination. Gandhi led Indians in protesting the national salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in demanding the British to immediately Quit India in 1942, during World War II. He was imprisoned for that and for numerous other political offenses over the years. Gandhi sought to practice non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He saw the villages as the core of the true India and promoted self-sufficiency; he did not support the industrialization programs of his disciple Jawaharlal Nehru. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. His chief political enemy in Britain was Winston Churchill, who ridiculed him as a "half-naked fakir." He was a dedicated vegetarian, and undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and political mobilization. In his last year, unhappy at the partition of India, Gandhi worked to stop the carnage between Muslims and Hindus and Sikhs that raged in the border area between India and Pakistan. He was assassinated on 30 January 1948 by a Hindu nationalist who thought Gandhi was too sympathetic to India's Muslims. 30 January is observed as Martyrs' Day in India. The honorific Mahatma ("Great Soul") was applied to him by 1914. In India he was also called Bapu ("Father"). He is known in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Non-Violence. Gandhi's philosophy was not theoretical but one of pragmatism, that is, practicing his principles in real time. Asked to give a message to the people, he would respond, "My life is my message."

overview of literature
The book which is referred in making this project report is “My Experiments with Truth” which is an autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi itself.

Objectives
The objective of this project report is:
1. to study about the life history
2. and works of the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi.

Research methodology
This project is based upon non-doctrinal and secondary method of research. This project has been done after a thorough research based upon intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the project. Sources of Data:

The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project- 1. Articles.
2. Books
3. Journals
4. Websites
Method of Writing:
The method of writing followed in the course of this research project is primarily descriptive. Mode of Citation:
The researcher has followed the Blue Book mode of citation throughout the course of this project.

EARLY LIFE AND BACKGROUND

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar1, a coastal town which was then part of the Bombay Presidency, British India. He was born in his ancestral home, now known as Kirti Mandir. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, served as the diwan (chief minister) of Porbander state, a small princely salute state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India. His grandfather was Uttamchand Gandhi, also called Utta Gandhi. His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth. The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and love as supreme v...

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