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I&S

CHALLENGES IN E-GOVERNMENT AND
SECURITY OF INFORMATION
Min-Shiang HWANG, Chun-Ta LI, Jau-Ji SHEN, and Yen-Ping CHU
Abstract: Due to the advances made in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), e-Government users can easily use the available services from places and at time that are convenient to them through WWW browsers. To easily and securely provide the required services through Information Technology (IT) has been an important issue in e-Government. In this article, the authors propose an explicit classification of e-Government applications and some challenges and obstacles in e-Government considered from four perspectives. Finally, a comprehensive view of some critical success factors in e-Government is proposed.

Keywords: e-Government; Critical Success Factor; Internet; Security.

Introduction
The time for the electronic-based society has arrived. E-Government has received more and more importance and it can provide a non-stop government information services to citizens, enterprises, public officers, government administrations and agencies over a network. There are many issues in e-Government which need a careful examination such as security issues,1,2,3 service requirements of e-Government,4,5,6 e-Government model, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13 strategy and policy for e-Government,14,15,16,17 and domain of e-Government.18

In this article, we focus on the challenges, obstacles, and Critical Success Factors (CSFs)19 in e-Government. First of all, we have to consider all of the participants in an e-Government system. According to the involved communities, an explicit classification of e-Government applications is proposed. It provides a way to an understanding of the challenges and CSFs in e-Government. Further detailed classification of e-Government applications is provided in a subsequent section. Then the challenges and obstacles in e-Government are considered from four perspectives. The CSFs of e-Government are described next. Finally, the last section provides conclusions and outlines future research directions.

INFORMATION & SECURITY. An International Journal, Vol.15, No.1, 2004, 9-20.

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Challenges in e-Government and Security of Information

An Explicit Classification of e-Government Applications
In order to develop an e-Government system, first, all of the users that may use the eGovernment system have to be known. Therefore, the authors have defined four basic involved communities: Government, Officeholder, Citizens, and Business. All of the applications in an e-Government system will be developed in accordance with these four communities. An explicit classification of the e-Government applications is illustrated in Figure 1 and the detailed description of each e-Government application is as given below.

Government-to-Government e-Government (G-to-G e-Gov)
Government-to-Government e-Government (G-to-G e-Gov) supports the exchange of information between the inter-organizational governmental departments, such as the system of official documents received and dispatched.

e-Government
e-Government

Government(G)
Government(G)

˙˙Administration
Administration
˙Agency
˙Agency

G-to-G
G-to-G
e-Gov
e-Gov

Citizen(C)
Citizen(C)

G-to-C
G-to-C
e-Gov
e-Gov

G-to-O
G-to-O
e-Gov
e-Gov

C-to-C
C-to-C
e-Gov
e-Gov

Officeholder(O)
Officeholder(O)

B-to-B
B-to-B
e-Gov
e-Gov

Business(B)
Business(B)

G-to-B
G-to-B
e-Gov
e-Gov

C-to-G
C-to-G
e-Gov
e-Gov

: Community
: Application
Figure 1: An Explicit Classification of e-Government Applications.

B-to-G
B-to-G
e-Gov
e-Gov

Min-Shiang Hwang, Chun-Ta Li, Jau-Ji Shen, and Yen-Ping Chu

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Government-to-Officeholder e-Government (G-to-O e-Gov)
Government-to-Officeholder e-Government (G-to-O e-Gov) supports intraorganizational government officeholders, public affair organizations, and secondary organizations’ cooperative processes and procedures of public affairs. Government-to-Citizen e-Government (G-to-C e-Gov)

Citizens are aware of the services provided by the government through the communication network and use the service with their personal identities through secure mechanisms. E-Voting and e-Assistance are two examples. Government-to-Business e-Government (G-to-B e-Gov)

Businesses are aware of the services provided by the government through the communication network and use the service with a legal person’s identity through secure mechanisms. Examples are on-line customs declaration of goods or on-line clearance of goods.

Citizen-to-Citizen e-Government (C-to-C e-Gov)
In Citizen -to- Citizen e-Government, the Government acts in a mediator role for the exchange of information. Typical examples are the following ones: the Government acts as a trouble-shooter in citizens’ dispute or the Government offers temporary jobs to the victims of a disaster, so they could work in the public sector or private businesses. In this type of application the Government is a mediator that offers help in terms of manpower and information. Business-to-Business e-Government (B-to-B e-Gov)

Similar to the above-described application of C-to-C e-Government, in Business-to-Business e-Government the Government plays an intermediary role in the exchange of information. For example, the Government could invite the business to bid for contracts that contain sensitive information. These businesses might produce the country’s weaponry, such as tanks, warships, and warplanes. Citizen-to-Government e-Government (C-to-G e-Gov)

These electronic communities are formed based on the demand of the citizens (demand aggregate-driven). ...

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